Earth retaining structures is a field within geotechnical engineering concerned with the analysis, design, and performance of engineered systems used to support soil masses and prevent their lateral movement or collapse. This concept investigates the complex interaction between structural elements and retained soil, focusing on stability, deformation, load transfer mechanisms, and failure modes under various loading and environmental conditions. Its significance lies in enabling critical infrastructure development, managing challenging topographical constraints, and ensuring the long-term stability and safety of constructed facilities and excavations.